For children and adolescents 20 years or younger:
The USPSTF found that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for lipid disorders.
Grade: I statement

• There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents. The USPSTF is calling for more long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of lipid disorders in the general pediatric population to prevent premature cardiovascular events or death in adulthood.
• In the absence of evidence, clinicians are encouraged to use their judgment when deciding whether to screen for lipid disorders in children and adolescents.

• There are 2 main types of lipid disorders seen in children and adolescents: familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and multifactorial dyslipidemia. FH is a genetic disorder of cholesterol metabolism that causes very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol early in life. Multifactorial dyslipidemia is much more common than FH and is primarily associated with environmental factors such as excessive intake of saturated fat, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.
• The evidence review for FH focused on heterozygous FH, because it is the most common type of FH. Dyslipidemia due to homozygous FH or secondary causes (such as diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, or hypothyroidism), and targeted screening based on family history of premature cardiovascular events, are outside the scope of this review.

• Cumulative exposure to abnormal lipid levels over time can lead to early atherosclerotic changes and premature cardiovascular events or death in adulthood.
• Interventions to lower lipid levels are available, including lifestyle modification (eg, changes in diet and physical activity), medication (eg, statins), and dietary supplements (eg, plant sterols or fish oil).

• The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents developed evidence-based guidelines to assist primary care professionals in promoting cardiovascular health and identifying and managing specific cardiovascular risk factors from infancy into young adult life (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node/80308).
• The US Department of Health and Human Services published the “Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,” which provide evidence-based recommendations for how physical activity can help promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease for Americans 3 years or older (https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/physical-activity-guidelines).
• The US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services published the “Dietary Guidelines for Americans,” which provide advice on what to eat and drink at every stage of life to build a healthy diet that can help prevent chronic diseases (https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/).
• The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends interventions promoting physical activity and healthy eating across the lifespan, including specific recommendations for youth (https://www.thecommunityguide.org/)